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Abstract As already pointed out by László Somfai in the late 1980s, Béla Bartók's first fully developed five-movement realization of the so-called “bridge” or “palindrome” form was only an afterthought, a further development of a composition originally intended as a cycle of four movements only. As also discussed briefly by Somfai, the evolution of the Allegretto, pizzicato movement itself had distinct stages. A recently surfaced source further clarifies these compositional phases, among others confirms the existence of a 140-measure-long version without a proper conclusion, which, at one point, the composer considered as a definitive version (for which only the ending needed to be composed) and tested with the Waldbauer-Kerpely Quartet. The present article re-examines the compositional process of Bartók's String Quartet no. 4 with an emphasis on its additional fourth movement and discusses the different compositional phases of the Allegretto, pizzicato .

BackgroundThe lifetime risk of tuberculosis (TB) among individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is commonly estimated as 5–10%, but is highly variable between individuals. Validated estimates of personalised risk are needed to facilitate precise targeting of preventative treatment. We aimed to characterise population-level TB risk among people tested for LTBI, and to develop and validate a prognostic model to estimate personalised risk of disease.MethodsWe pooled individual-level data from 18 systematically-identified cohort studies conducted in 20 countries with low TB transmission (annual incidence ≤20/100,000 persons). We estimated population-level incident TB risk using flexible parametric survival models with random effect intercepts by source study. We then developed and validated a flexible parametric survival prediction model for incident TB using the internal-external cross-validation framework, iteratively discarding one contributing dataset from model development and using it for validation.FindingsIn pooled data including 80,468 individuals tested for LTBI and 803 TB cases, 5-year cumulative risk of incident TB among people with untreated LTBI was 15.6% (95% CI 8.0–29.2) for child contacts, 4.8% (3.0–7.7) for adult contacts, 5.0% (1.6–14.5) for migrants, and 4.8% (1.5–14.3) for immunocompromised groups. We found highly variable estimates within risk groups, necessitating a personalised approach to risk-stratification. We thus developed a prognostic model that combines a quantitative measure of T cell sensitisation and clinical covariates. These covariates included age, history of TB exposure (household contact of smear-positive index case, other contact, migration from high TB burden country or no exposure), HIV status and receipt of a solid organ or haematological transplant. Validation of this model achieved a random-effects meta-analysis C-statistic of 0.88 (0.82–0.93) for incident TB over 2 years. Decision curve analysis revealed that applying the model improved clinical decision-making for targeting LTBI treatment.InterpretationTB incidence rates are heterogeneous among people identified as having LTBI by current standards, even after stratification by indication for screening. We present a freely available and directly data-driven personalised risk predictor for incident TB (www.periskope.org). PERISKOPE-TB will facilitate a programmatic paradigm shift by allowing a fully evidence-based and patient-centred approach to TB risk stratification in settings aiming towards pre-elimination globally.

It is proved that the Life of Varlaam Khutynsky had a significant educational potential and was aimed at the younger generation with the aim of not only spreading the veneration of the saint, but also instilling an image of a positive hero corresponding to the ideals of that time.

The objective is to determine the global population prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on population-based studies and assess factors that influence RA prevalence estimates. Four electronic databases were searched (ProQuest Central, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE) for peer-reviewed English publications that report prevalence estimates of RA from 1980 and 2019. We included case–control studies, cross-sectional studies, and prospective or retrospective cohort studies in our search strategy. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to produce the pooled prevalence estimates. The potential between-study heterogeneity was identified using sensitivity analysis, sub-group and meta-regression analyses. A total of 67 studies were included in the meta-analysis, containing 742,246 RA patients and 211,592,925 healthy controls in the study period. The global RA prevalence estimate was 0.46% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.54; I 2  = 99.9%) with a 95% prediction interval (0.06–1.27). The RA point-prevalence was 0.45% (95% CI 0.38–0.53%) between 1986 and 2014, while the pooled period-prevalence was 0.46% (95% CI 0.36% and 0.57%) from 1955 to 2015. The highest RA pooled prevalence (0.69%; 95% CI 0.47–0.95) was derived from linked data source studies. Based on meta-regression, the factors that explain the studies' heterogeneity of RA prevalence, including geographical location, the risk bias assessment of studies and sample size. The global prevalence of RA between 1980 and 2019 was 460 per 100,000 population, with variations due to geographical location and study methodology. Linked data are the preferred method to estimate RA population prevalence as they provide the best case ascertainment.

The paper presents the letters of Alexey Kulakovsky, who deeply understood the meaning of the language for the future Yakut people. The source study materials are five letters to contemporaries. The relevance of the study is explained by the growing interest in the history of national languages as the basis of the culture of peoples. The purpose of the study is to determine the importance of the main directions in Kulakovsky's creative searches for the preservation of his native language, which reveals controversial issues in the history of the study of Yakut literature in general. The letters reflect such questions as doubts among his contemporaries about the need to defend the rules of Yakut grammar, disbelief in the possibility of the establishment of literary norms in their native language. As a result of the study of the presented material, the author concluded that the issues of language in letters reveal a number of little-known facts on the scientific biography of Kulakovsky because the issues of updating his texts expand the interdisciplinary contexts of their analysis, taking into account the reflection in them of historical and social facts in the early twentieth century.

Self-esteem level has been positioned as a key mediating mechanism accounting for the effects of ostracism on behaviors, invoking the notion that individuals seek to verify their self-perceptions by behaving in a way that is consistent with those self-perceptions. However, evidence supporting the relation of ostracism and self-esteem level to behavioral outcomes has been mixed. We argue that such mixed effects arise because individuals may engage in behaviors alternately to verify their self-perceptions (suggesting a relation between self-esteem level and behavioral outcomes) or to selfenhance (suggesting no relation between self-esteem level and behavioral outcomes). Within this framing, the question becomes: When do we self-verify and when do we self-enhance? To that end, we position contingent self-esteem—or the extent to which individuals base their self-worth on outcomes in a particular domain—as a determining factor in whether we self-verify or self-enhance, and present a moderated mediation model to account for varying relations between ostracism and job performance. Our predictions regarding self-verification and self-enhancement motivation are fully supported across two field samples using multi-wave, multi-source study designs. Theoretical and practical implications for self-verification and self-enhancement motivation, as well as negative interpersonal behaviors at work, are discussed.

Current diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia rely heavily on the level and duration of oxygen therapy, do not reflect contemporary neonatal care, and do not adequately predict childhood morbidity. To determine which of 18 prespecified, revised definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia that variably define disease severity according to the level of respiratory support and supplemental oxygen administered at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age best predicts death or serious respiratory morbidity through 18-26 months' corrected age. We assessed infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation between 2011 and 2015 at 18 centers of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Of 2,677 infants, 683 (26%) died or developed serious respiratory morbidity. The diagnostic criteria that best predicted this outcome defined bronchopulmonary dysplasia according to treatment with the following support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, regardless of prior or current oxygen therapy: no bronchopulmonary dysplasia, no support (  = 773); grade 1, nasal cannula ≤2 L/min (  = 1,038); grade 2, nasal cannula >2 L/min or noninvasive positive airway pressure (  = 617); and grade 3, invasive mechanical ventilation (  = 249). These criteria correctly predicted death or serious respiratory morbidity in 81% of study infants. Rates of this outcome increased stepwise from 10% among infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia to 77% among those with grade 3 disease. A similar gradient (33-79%) was observed for death or neurodevelopmental impairment. The definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia that best predicted early childhood morbidity categorized disease severity according to the mode of respiratory support administered at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, regardless of supplemental oxygen use.

Within qualitative research in-person interviews have the reputation for being the highest standard of interviewer-participant encounter. However, there are other approaches to interviewing such as telephone and e-mail, which may be appropriate for a variety of reasons such as cost, time and privacy. Although there has been much discussion of the relative values of different interview methods, little research has been conducted to assess what differentiates them using quantifiable measures. None of this research has addressed the video call, which is the interview mode most like the in-person interview. This study uses quantifiable measures generated by the interview to explore the relative value of in-person and video call interview modes. Interview data gathered by a qualitative research study exploring the views of people with IBS about hypnotherapy for their condition were used. In-person and video call interviews using the same topic guide were compared on measures of length (time and word count), proportion of time the interviewer was dominant, the number of topics generated (codes) and the number of individual statements on which those topics were based. Both interview methods produced a similar number of words and a similar number of topics (codes) were discussed, however the number of statements upon which the variety of topics was based was notably larger for the in-person interviews. These findings suggest that in in-person study interviews were marginally superior to video calls in that interviewees said more, although this was on a similar range of topics. However, the difference is sufficiently modest that time and budget constraints may justify the use of some video call interviews within a qualitative research study.

I am guessing, but I suspect that Bryer's first introduction to Nicholas Mesarites was like mine through a very short article by A. A. Vasiliev, entitled ‘Mesarites as a source’,1 which was a footnote to his much more substantial ‘The foundation of the Empire of Trebizond’,2 which dominated the field for years. Vasiliev was responding to a criticism by Franz Dölger, who suggested that Vasiliev might have benefited from a perusal of the works of Nicholas Mesarites, which had been edited by his old master August Heisenberg.3 Vasiliev was adamant Nicholas Mesarites had little to contribute to the early history of the Empire of Trebizond. In his opinion, the Seljuq inscription from the walls of Sinope, which Heisenberg included in his commentary, was far more valuable than anything that could be gleaned from Mesarites’ writings. This rather explains why they remained a neglected source.

BackgroundThe Heart Manual (HM) Programme is the UK’s leading home-based self-managed cardiac rehabilitation programme (HBCRP) for individuals recovering from acute myocardial infarction and/or revascularisation. This year marks 30 years of HM implementation in the NHS and overseas.AimThe aim of this study is to conduct a narrative review of the HM over the last 30 years, considering its outcomes as a HBCRP.MethodsDatabases AHMED, Embase, APA PsychInfo, Ovid Medline were used to source studies where the HM outcomes were a key focus. Grey literature was searched by the HM department. Narrative synthesis was used to capture the qualitative element of extracted papers dated after the Heart Manual 2011 Systematic Review.ResultsThe search revealed 48 papers; 7 studies were already included in the 2011 systematic review (SR), with 4 new papers remaining and 1 grey-paper, others were duplicates.Of the studies and those included in SR, 9 reported on efficacy, 4 on programme adherence, and 2 on qualitative outcomes (1 digital-HM, 1 HM patient reported outcomes). Outcomes on efficacy and adherence were all positive. Qualitative findings (n=2) cited positive attitudes towards the HM from patient representatives, general user-friendliness and useful content. An audit on HM patient feedback reported high engagement with health behaviour change(s), positive gains from psychosocial support, and improved understanding and awareness of condition. A grey-paper on patient reported outcomes during COVID-19 reported improvements in managing other health conditions, including diabetes, blood pressure, and mental health, through using the HM. Patients also reported feeling reassured by the HM.ConclusionThe HM continues to be the most widely studied HBCRP, and has played a key role in demonstrating the effectiveness of HBCRP over the last 30 years. Recent surveys have shown reported benefits in managing other health conditions, accessibility, and providing psychological support.